The study compared Amazon RDS PostgreSQL and Aurora against a custom-configured Kubernetes-based PostgreSQL setup on bare metal servers for OLTP workloads. After initial baseline testing, the custom PostgreSQL setup was tuned through CPU and NUMA optimization and enabling HugePages. The final tuning achieved an overall average throughput of 3,351 TPS, nearly matching Amazon Aurora IO-optimized's performance (3,480 TPS) with a -3.7% difference. Notably, the custom PostgreSQL setup outperformed Aurora on write operations by +38% in terms of TPS and showed a 17.7% lower latency compared to Aurora. The study highlights that for write-intensive OLTP workloads, bare metal configurations can match or exceed managed database service performance with proper tuning.
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